Co-authored by Alex Tweeddale and Fraser Edwards
Tokenomics are typically documented and distributed via a dedicated whitepaper. However, since a large proportion of the tokenomics for cheqd directly relate to governance and our tokenomics will be a constant iteration, it made the most sense to incorporate them into the cheqd network’s Governance Framework, which will also be continuously updated. We can then continue using blogs to explain the initial and updated tokenomics in an easier to digest format.
We have further assumed that readers are comfortable with concepts such as gas and block rewards and hence have not defined them here.
Read also:
Part 2 of cheqd’s tokenomics covers the initial distribution of the token.
Part 3 of cheqd’s tokenomics covers the payment rails.
Context
Before diving into our tokenomics, it is first important to contextualise the project and our roadmap. Our overall aim is to establish payment rails for trusted data (also referred to as authentic), including self-sovereign identity. Being able to share signed, verified and authentic data in a live environment has a myriad of benefits explained in our blog, “Why SSI needs a Token”
End-to-end payments where end clients do not need to worry about tokens/crypto
An intermediate step will be transactional payments (i.e. payment for every Verifiable Credential), but core to our vision is the ability for ecosystems to create and maintain their own commercial models as we explained in the “Business models of identity”. Leveraging the analogy we used in the blog, this will establish:
- International trade rules -> Global payment layer: i.e. any entity (organisation or individual) can pay any other;
- Unilateral, bilateral, multilateral trade rules -> Ecosystems specific commercial models, i.e. any ecosystem can configure both governance and commercial models which establishes the incentives and structure it needs.
cheqd’s transactional and ecosystem specific layers, allowing for anyone to interact with anyone, but also each ecosystem to set its own incentives
So where does that leave us now? Putting this simply, the tokenomics below are what we are considering the Minimum Viable Tokenomics (“MVT”). Whilst these will establish a viable network, they are by no means the end-state and there is much, much more to come.
Now
Our first focus is launching a minimum viable network for authentic data. At a bare minimum, this means the ability to write and read identity ‘primitives’ (see below) to the network such that it can support the issuance and receipt of verifiable credentials in a standards-based, interoperable fashion.
- DIDs: Decentralised identifiers
- Credential definitions
- Credential schemas
Therefore, whilst we have a tremendous roadmap we’re building to, the initial tokenomics will be simple.
Incentives
This section could go on forever since there is no end to the behaviour we want to either incentivise or disincentivise and the behavioural economics and game theory which impacts this. To simplify drastically, we want to incentivise two main behaviours:
- Support for the network so that the fabric is maximally decentralised and resilient;
- Usage of the network for its intended purpose, i.e. authentic data transactions.
The reason for calling these out as a minimum is that they inform the network parameters we are about to discuss.
Parameters
Over the past months, the team has been analysing the desired behaviour of the network stakeholders as well as the available functionality provided by Cosmos to identify the levers to achieve the right incentives. Whilst there are many parameters, we will focus the analysis on the key parameters which affect the incentives on the network.
It should be noted that these are simply the genesis parameters. These parameters can, and almost certainly will be modified via the governance procedures.
Our tokenomic parameters with corresponding values and codebase variable names for any keen developers/contributors
General
The main function of the general parameters is to set supply, inflation and targets for bonded targets.
Initial supply and goal_bonded
- The Initial supply of tokens, i.e. to be minted at the Token Generation Event, is set to 1b (1 x 10^9) which we deemed adequate for the initial size of the network. Please see inflation for how this is likely to increase.
- The goal for the percentage of bonded tokens (goal_bonded) is currently set to 60%. This was benchmarked against a number of projects and we feel this strikes the balance between securing the network and paying for identity transactions.
The inflationary parameters were much more impactful to network incentives based on our analysis. Implementing zero inflation would eliminate block rewards and therefore incentivise the push for maximum adoption of the network utility since rewards would entirely depend on transaction fees. Rewards would scale with transaction volume but consequently, rewards would be low at low transaction volumes and also unpredictable. As a benchmark, Sovrin’s self-sovereign identity network has variable volumes month-by-month for various transaction types, and thus rewards for node operators/validators that only relied on transaction fees would make it difficult for node operators to predict fees collected from the network.
Inflation: inflation_min and inflation_max
Inflation (inflation_min & inflation_max) somewhat solves this problem by introducing block rewards which are independent of the transaction and hence gas fees. Assuming there is little to no downward pressure on price at low inflation, block rewards provide a largely predictable reward over sufficient time, ensuring support and securing of the network is rewarded. However, inflation dilutes the incentive for network use, i.e. scaling rewards according to transaction volume.
Consequently, inflation can be seen as a double-edged sword. It rewards maintaining the network even at low volumes but dilutes the incentive to drive maximum adoption.
By modelling rewards against transaction volume and using a number of reference points (CIVIC, EVEREST, LUNA & UST all-time high transaction volumes) we established that inflation_max should be <4% to achieve any meaningful incentives through transaction volumes. We similarly used all-time low transaction volumes to identify inflation_min as 1% to maintain sufficient rewards at low volumes.
Distribution
Communitytax, baseproposerreward & bonusproposerreward
As with the general parameters above, we analysed existing projects (e.g. Fetch.ai, Terra & Akash) and modelled various scenarios to understand the impact of the parameters on the network.
Across these projects, the values for communitytax, baseproposerreward and bonusproposerreward appear to be set to their defaults. Our modelling suggests the reason for this is that aside from communitytax, rewards across the network are largely dictated by stake regardless of the baseproposerreward and bonusproposerreward values.
As a result, we similarly didn’t see a reason to change the default values.
However, as the network progresses and becomes increasingly decentralised, it may become beneficial to reduce these values. For example, looking at Osmosis, another token on Cosmos, the community recently lowered these values to 0. The logic behind this decision was to reduce the Node Operators with the largest stake on the network from getting richer and to incentivise a wider breadth of stake distribution.
Governance
Tokenomics is a subset of overall network governance. It is a way of incentivising or decentivising different actions on the network through economic forces, which in turn, regulates user behaviour.
For tokenomics to have an effect on the progression of the network, there must also be ways that a User can interact with its governance. In cheqd’s Network, we use a system of collective voting, based on liquid democracy. This voting architecture has a symbiotic relationship with the tokenomics to regulate the network.
Let’s explain this simply. I want to make a materially significant change on the Network, let’s say a Parameter Change, adjusting the default parameters explained in this post. The steps necessary to reach an accepted Proposal are as follows:
- I need to draft a Proposal;
- I need to make a deposit alongside my Proposal to publish it on-ledger;
- I need that deposit to reach a parameter known as MinDeposit;
- This needs to happen before the max-deposit-period expires.
The Proposal will then reach what is known as voting stage, where:
- Enough people need to vote on the proposal for it to be valid (quorum);
- A minimum threshold need to vote ‘Yes’ on the Proposal;
- Below a certain number of votes must veto the Proposal;
- The ‘Yes’ threshold must be met before the voting period expires,
If all the stars align above, then the Proposal will be accepted and the changes will be rolled out across the Node Operators in a process known as signal and switch. The specifics of this process will be articulated and explained in greater depth and detail in our Governance Framework.
So where do tokenomics come in? Well, someone needs to set the default parameters for:
- MinDeposit
- MinDeposit period time limit
- Quorum
- Threshold
- Veto
- Voting period time limit
The value of these parameters has a knock-on effect on other aspects of the network. For this reason, choosing these parameters is therefore not a simple game of ‘numberwang’. We selected each value for a reason.
MinDeposit
We did a detailed analysis of each token on Cosmos, taking the MinDeposit as a factor of the amount of tokens staked on the respective Network.
We found that the range was very large and calculated that our minimum deposit could sit proportionately as low as 360 (Cosmos’ lowest value) or as high as 36,000 (Osmosis’ highest value), given our total tokens at 1 billion and a bonded goal of 60%.
Another common theme we noticed was that projects tended to begin with a higher MinDeposit and then lower this value through a Proposal as the Network matured (Cosmos and Osmosis). This is something that we thought would be valuable to replicate as well, in line with the Principle of Entropy.
We settled on a value of 8,000 as MinDeposit. This was not only a sensible middle ground given our calculations, but gives us the option to Propose to scale down the value as the network progresses and becomes more decentralised.
Max_deposit_period and voting period
For the MinDeposit time period (max_deposit_period) and voting period (voting_period) we settled on the default value of 2 weeks. This is because this figure seems unproblematic and functional for healthy Cosmos communities.
Quorum and threshold
For the quorum and threshold, there is a very strong relationship between the two values. Once again we have decided to stick with Cosmos’ default parameters because they work well in healthy governance communities.
These are:
- 33.34% quorum; and
- 55% threshold.
One model of Governance that we think would be a valuable addition further along with our roadmap, however, is Polkadot’s system of Adaptive Quorum Biasing. In this model, the lower the quorum tends, the higher the threshold tends, and vice versa. If this feature was implemented into Cosmos SDK’s governance module, Proposals to move to this would certainly be welcomed.
Veto
Veto is possibly the most extreme example of where governance and tokenomics overlap, as a veto vote ‘burns’ the tokens invested in the Proposal which sit in an escrow called a ModuleAccount.
We believe that the 33.34% default setting for veto is both high and low enough. Veto votes should be used sparingly, only when Users think that a Proposal is contradicting a core cheqd Principle (to be released in our Governance Framework).
Changes
A starting point
As we’ve mentioned briefly above, these values are very much the start and we fully expect these to be updated by the community through the processes set out in the governance framework. Our hope though is that these values set a strong foundation for a successful, self-governing ecosystem.
Improvements
As we covered in the context section, these values are the Minimum Viable Tokenomics to establish the network. As the base values are updated by the community, the team will begin delivering more complex tokenomic functionality including a variety of commercial models such as transactional payments, subscriptions or volume-based discounting.
Our primary focus will be on enabling these commercial models along with the stable settlement, achieved through support for stablecoins and potentially central bank digital currencies.
Our tokenomics webinar
Our tokenomics webinar
You can also download the cheqd Tokenomics slides here.
Read
Part 2 of cheqd’s tokenomics covers the initial distribution of the token.
Part 3 of cheqd’s tokenomics covers the payment rails.
Now and next
As always, we would love to know your thoughts or feedback on our decisions and direction as comments on the article or via any of our other channels, take your pick!
We understand that quite naturally after all this, everyone’s next question will be: “what’s the distribution?”, which will be the next blog to follow this one, so stay tuned!
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